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Grade reflects published research findings and regulatory status. Not a safety certification.
Ingredient evidence is still under review.
Presence ≠ Risk. Educational summary only. Not medical advice.
Two-year inhalation study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 1,4-dioxane in male rats
Inhalation Toxicology · 2009
In a 104-week inhalation study, 1,4-dioxane caused dose-dependent increases in nasal squamous cell carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas, peritoneal mesotheliomas, and other tumors in male F344 rats. Nonneoplastic nasal lesions appeared from 50 ppm upward, and the authors concluded the study provided clear evidence of carcinogenicity.
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Carcinogenicity studies of 1,4-dioxane administered in drinking-water to rats and mice for 2 years
Food and Chemical Toxicology · 2009
In 2-year drinking-water studies, rats and mice exposed to 1,4-dioxane developed significant increases in nasal squamous cell carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, mesotheliomas, mammary adenomas, and hepatocellular tumors. The authors concluded the data provided clear evidence of carcinogenicity in both species.
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Examination of potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane in rat nasal epithelial cells and hepatocytes
Archives of Toxicology · 1991
This mechanistic study focused on rat nasal epithelial cells and hepatocytes after exposures up to 1000 mg/kg or 1 to 2% in drinking water, following earlier long-term tumor findings in liver and nasal tissue. It supports biologically meaningful nasal and hepatic target-organ toxicity consistent with the carcinogenic profile seen in chronic studies.
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EPA: reference dose available
0.03 mg/kg-day
View sourceEU_SCCS: approved
Grades are based on published peer-reviewed research, regulatory agency data (FDA, EU, IARC, WHO, EPA), and independent analysis. We update entries when new findings emerge.
other
High concern
Ingredient evidence is still under review.
FDA: no ruling
IARC: 2B
Two-year inhalation study of carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of 1,4-dioxane in male rats
Inhalation Toxicology · 2009
In a 104-week inhalation study, 1,4-dioxane caused dose-dependent increases in nasal squamous cell carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas, peritoneal mesotheliomas, and other tumors in male F344 rats. Nonneoplastic nasal lesions appeared from 50 ppm upward, and the authors concluded the study provided clear evidence of carcinogenicity.
Read studyCarcinogenicity studies of 1,4-dioxane administered in drinking-water to rats and mice for 2 years
Food and Chemical Toxicology · 2009
In 2-year drinking-water studies, rats and mice exposed to 1,4-dioxane developed significant increases in nasal squamous cell carcinomas, hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas, mesotheliomas, mammary adenomas, and hepatocellular tumors. The authors concluded the data provided clear evidence of carcinogenicity in both species.
Read studyExamination of potential mechanisms of carcinogenicity of 1,4-dioxane in rat nasal epithelial cells and hepatocytes
Archives of Toxicology · 1991
This mechanistic study focused on rat nasal epithelial cells and hepatocytes after exposures up to 1000 mg/kg or 1 to 2% in drinking water, following earlier long-term tumor findings in liver and nasal tissue. It supports biologically meaningful nasal and hepatic target-organ toxicity consistent with the carcinogenic profile seen in chronic studies.
Read study