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Grade reflects published research findings and regulatory status. Not a safety certification.
Ingredient evidence is still under review.
Presence ≠ Risk. Educational summary only. Not medical advice.
Carcinogenicity of benzene.
The Lancet. Oncology · 2017
The study reviews the carcinogenicity of benzene, confirming its classification as a human carcinogen.
View on PubMed
Benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.
The Lancet. Planetary health · 2021
A meta-analysis found an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with benzene exposure, particularly for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
View on PubMed
Benzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies.
Human & experimental toxicology · 2007
The review summarizes benzene's toxicity in humans and animals, linking it to various adverse health effects including malignancies.
View on PubMed
An expanded cohort study of cancer among benzene-exposed workers in China. Benzene Study Group.
Environmental health perspectives · 1996
In a large cohort of 74,828 benzene-exposed and 35,805 unexposed workers, benzene exposure was associated with significant excess leukemia risk overall and specifically acute myelogenous leukemia. The reported relative risks were 2.3 for leukemia and 3.1 for AML, directly supporting benzene's human carcinogenicity.
View on PubMed
Leukemia-related chromosomal loss detected in hematopoietic progenitor cells of benzene-exposed workers.
Leukemia · 2012
Healthy benzene-exposed workers had significantly increased monosomy 7 and monosomy 8 in hematopoietic progenitor cells, including workers exposed to less than 10 ppm. These are leukemia-related aneuploidies, providing mechanistic human evidence that benzene drives leukemogenic bone marrow damage even at relatively low occupational exposure levels.
View on PubMed
The relationship between low-level benzene exposure and blood cell counts in Korean workers.
Occupational and environmental medicine · 2015
Using 21,140 blood samples from 10,702 workers, this study found a significant negative association between low-level benzene exposure below 1 ppm and red blood cell counts in male workers. That supports benzene hematotoxicity even at exposure levels often considered low.
View on PubMed
FDA: Unacceptable contaminant, max 2ppm in specific drugs, 0 in cosmetics
EU_SCCS: Banned, Restricted
0%
Carcinogenic to humans, Group 1
Grades are based on published peer-reviewed research, regulatory agency data (FDA, EU, IARC, WHO, EPA), and independent analysis. We update entries when new findings emerge.
other
High concern
Ingredient evidence is still under review.
Prop_65: Listed
1987-02-27
Carcinogenicity of benzene.
The Lancet. Oncology · 2017
The study reviews the carcinogenicity of benzene, confirming its classification as a human carcinogen.
Read studyBenzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.
The Lancet. Planetary health · 2021
A meta-analysis found an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with benzene exposure, particularly for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Read studyBenzene's toxicity: a consolidated short review of human and animal studies.
Human & experimental toxicology · 2007
The review summarizes benzene's toxicity in humans and animals, linking it to various adverse health effects including malignancies.
Read studyAn expanded cohort study of cancer among benzene-exposed workers in China. Benzene Study Group.
Environmental health perspectives · 1996
In a large cohort of 74,828 benzene-exposed and 35,805 unexposed workers, benzene exposure was associated with significant excess leukemia risk overall and specifically acute myelogenous leukemia. The reported relative risks were 2.3 for leukemia and 3.1 for AML, directly supporting benzene's human carcinogenicity.
Read studyLeukemia-related chromosomal loss detected in hematopoietic progenitor cells of benzene-exposed workers.
Leukemia · 2012
Healthy benzene-exposed workers had significantly increased monosomy 7 and monosomy 8 in hematopoietic progenitor cells, including workers exposed to less than 10 ppm. These are leukemia-related aneuploidies, providing mechanistic human evidence that benzene drives leukemogenic bone marrow damage even at relatively low occupational exposure levels.
Read studyThe relationship between low-level benzene exposure and blood cell counts in Korean workers.
Occupational and environmental medicine · 2015
Using 21,140 blood samples from 10,702 workers, this study found a significant negative association between low-level benzene exposure below 1 ppm and red blood cell counts in male workers. That supports benzene hematotoxicity even at exposure levels often considered low.
Read study| Agency | Status | Limit | Reviewed | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FDA | Unacceptable contaminant, max 2ppm in specific drugs, 0 in cosmetics | — | — | — |
| EU_SCCS | Banned, Restricted | 0% | — | — |
| IARC | Carcinogenic to humans, Group 1 | — | — | — |
| Prop_65 | Listed | — | 1987-02-27 | — |
